Google hasn’t said. The most likely theory is that affected speakers are trying to download a firmware update, failing partway through and starting over again. Each failed attempt would burn through data without the speaker ever saving the update, which fits the overnight timing when devices usually update. Reddit users also described speakers repeatedly requesting data from Google Play services.
That theory is plausible but unconfirmed. Google hasn’t explained the fault, listed which models are affected or said how many people are hit.
There’s a separate update in the background that may cause confusion. Google has been testing a 3.79 firmware build for older speakers, including the Nest Audio, Nest Mini, Home Mini and the first Google Home. Its public change list covers Wi-Fi setup, audio streaming, Assistant and stability, and says nothing about data use. Don’t assume that update is the fix.